There has been increasing interest in exploring alternative approaches to understanding reality beyond the traditional dualistic model that characterizes much of Western philosophy. One such approach is known as "non-binary ontology," which challenges the notion that reality can be neatly divided into binary categories such as male/female, mind/body, and object/subject. In this article, we will examine how non-binary ontology challenges the metaphysics of substance and essence, which are central concepts in Western philosophy.
The traditional view of substance and essence posits that all things have an underlying nature or essence, and that this essence defines what they are and how they interact with other things. This view implies that everything can be categorized into discrete classes, with each class having its own essential properties.
Non-binary ontology argues that this view fails to account for the fluidity and complexity of reality. Rather than seeing reality as made up of distinct entities with fixed properties, non-binary ontology emphasizes the interconnectedness and mutability of all things.
One way in which non-binary ontology challenges this view is by questioning the notion of identity. According to the traditional view, individuals are defined by their essences, which are stable and unchanging.
A table is a physical object made of wood, while a human being is defined by their biological makeup. Non-binary ontology, however, suggests that these distinctions are arbitrary and that individuals may change over time. A table might be made out of different materials, or a person's biology could be altered through surgery or genetic manipulation.
Another challenge to the traditional view is the concept of causality. The traditional view holds that causation occurs between objects with distinct identities, such as when a hammer causes a nail to move. Non-binary ontology, on the other hand, views causality as a more complex process that involves multiple agents and factors.
An individual's behavior might be influenced by their environment, social context, and personal history, rather than simply being caused by their "essence."
Non-binary ontology also challenges the idea that there are universal truths or absolutes. Instead, it sees truth as relative and subjective, depending on one's perspective and experiences. This approach questions the validity of objective knowledge and emphasizes the importance of understanding others' perspectives and experiences.
Non-binary ontology offers a powerful critique of Western metaphysics by challenging its central concepts, including substance and essence. By emphasizing interconnectedness, mutability, and relationality, this approach provides new insights into the nature of reality and our place within it. While not all philosophers agree with the implications of non-binary ontology, it has sparked significant debate and exploration in contemporary philosophy.