The phenomenon known as "internalized stigma" refers to when individuals negatively evaluate their own identities or characteristics, due to social attitudes towards them. This can be especially damaging for those who experience mental illness, since they may feel that there is something wrong with themselves.
Research has shown that internalized stigma can have far-reaching effects throughout the lifespan, from early childhood through late adulthood. In this article, we will explore how internalized stigma interacts with mental health outcomes across the lifespan, including its effects on psychological wellbeing, self-esteem, social support, treatment seeking behavior, and more.
Early Childhood
In children and teens, internalized stigma can manifest in several ways.
Young people may believe that their mental health symptoms are caused by personal failings or character flaws, rather than being the result of biological factors beyond their control. This can lead to feelings of shame and guilt, which can further exacerbate symptoms and make it difficult to seek help.
Young people who experience internalized stigma may avoid activities or relationships that might trigger negative reactions from others, leading to isolation and loneliness.
Adolescence
During adolescence, youth may begin to grapple with questions of identity and belonging. If they feel ostracized or rejected because of their mental health issues, they may turn to unhealthy coping mechanisms such as substance abuse or risky behaviors. They may also internalize messages about their own worthlessness and inferiority, which can impact their self-confidence and sense of purpose.
Young Adulthood
As individuals enter young adulthood, they may start to confront the challenges of establishing independence and achieving success in various domains, including work, education, and romantic relationships. If they feel marginalized or alienated due to their mental illness, they may struggle to form meaningful connections with peers or pursue career opportunities. They may also experience anxiety or depression related to societal expectations and pressure to conform.
Middle Age
In middle age, individuals may face increasing demands on their time and energy, as well as changes in relationships and family dynamics. If they have been struggling with mental health for many years, they may find it harder to cope with these stresses without support systems in place. They may also face discrimination in the workplace or other areas of life, which can further erode their sense of agency and autonomy.
Older Adults
In older adulthood, seniors may experience decreased social connectedness and increased isolation, which can exacerbate symptoms of depression and anxiety. They may also be more vulnerable to financial instability or health problems, which can make it difficult to access necessary resources. As a result, internalized stigma can become even more pronounced, leading to feelings of hopelessness and helplessness.
How does internalized stigma interact with mental health outcomes across the lifespan?
Internalized stigma has been shown to have significant implications on an individual's perception of their worth and self-esteem throughout all stages of life. It can lead to feelings of shame, guilt, and hopelessness that may persist for years if not addressed properly.