In Asia, indigenous and traditional cultures have historically been linked to gender roles, family structures, and social norms that are different from those found in Western societies.
Many Asian countries recognize more than two genders, and there is greater fluidity between them. These cultures also recognize same-sex love, which has been documented in ancient literature and art.
These traditions can be complicated for LGBTQ+ individuals who may feel isolated or rejected by their communities. Therefore, some scholars argue that queer identity in Asia should incorporate indigenous and traditional cultural practices to create a sense of belonging and authenticity.
Indigenous and traditional cultural practices often include rituals related to fertility, agriculture, marriage, and death. Many of these practices involve gender-fluidity, such as the Two-Spirit tradition among Native Americans. In this tradition, people embody both male and female characteristics, serving as mediators between humans and nature. They are revered for their ability to perform ceremonies, provide healing, and communicate with ancestors. Similarly, traditional Balinese dances feature a character called the warok, who performs elaborate makeup and costumes and acts as an intermediary between gods and humans. The warok is respected for their ability to channel divine energy and protect the community.
Another example comes from China, where the hai'an is a person who dresses like a woman but lives as a man. Hai'ans are believed to possess special spiritual powers, such as healing and divination. They may marry women and father children, but they are not considered men and do not take on masculine roles. This practice challenges traditional gender norms while celebrating non-binary identities.
Asia also recognizes various sexual orientations beyond heterosexuality.
The concept of "metta" refers to same-sex love in Thailand. Metta partners may be romantic, platonic, or spiritual. They may live together without marrying or raising children. Indian culture includes the hijra, who are born male but adopt feminine mannerisms and clothing. Hijras may participate in religious ceremonies and serve as guardians of children, but they are often marginalized by society. Indonesian cultures recognize a third gender known as calalai, which can be either masculine or feminine. Calalais often have relationships with both males and females and may change their appearance based on whom they wish to attract.
By incorporating these cultural practices into contemporary queer activism, LGBTQ+ individuals may find greater acceptance within their communities. Indigenous and traditional traditions provide a framework for understanding gender identity that goes beyond Western ideas of binary categories. They recognize the complexity and fluidity of gender, offering an alternative way of being.
Transgender individuals may find comfort in the Two-Spirit tradition, which validates their experiences of gender dysphoria. Non-binary individuals may identify with hai'an or callai customs, which allow them to express themselves freely.
Queer activists in Asia face many challenges, including discrimination, violence, and legal restrictions.
Indigenous and traditional practices offer hope and inspiration for creating a more inclusive future. By embracing these traditions, LGBTQ+ individuals can reclaim their heritage and build connections across cultures. This movement is not just about liberation; it is also about rediscovery and reclamation. Through this process, we can celebrate our differences while honoring our shared humanity.
How do indigenous and traditional cultural practices inform contemporary queer identity and activism in Asia?
Indigenous and traditional cultural practices can play an important role in shaping contemporary queer identities and activism in Asia. These practices may offer valuable insights into alternative understandings of gender and sexuality that challenge dominant Western norms and provide new ways of thinking about identity and resistance.