The term "bisexual" refers to a person who is attracted to both men and women, although the exact meaning can be more complicated. Bisexual people may identify as being romantically, physically, or sexually attracted to both men and women. They may also experience attraction to nonbinary or transgender people. Being bisexual does not necessarily mean having had sex with or even been in relationships with both men and women; it simply means that one is capable of feeling attraction toward either gender.
Social invalidation occurs when someone's identity, beliefs, or behavior are deemed invalid or unacceptable within a social group or society. This includes microaggressions (everyday verbal, nonverbal, or environmental insults) as well as explicit discrimination. Social invalidation has many negative psychological effects on those who experience it.
Individuals who experience racial microaggressions have higher rates of mental health issues such as anxiety and depression than those who do not.
Bisexual individuals face invalidation for their sexuality in multiple contexts, including from family members, friends, employers, coworkers, acquaintances, strangers, and online comment sections. Microaggressions include being misgendered, being assumed to be gay or straight, being questioned about one's identity or experiences, being asked if bisexuality is real, or experiencing biphobia ("bi-erasure"). Explicit discrimination involves being denied housing, jobs, healthcare, or other services due to one's sexuality.
Repeated social invalidation can lead to psychological harm through internalization of negative messages and rejection. It can cause self-doubt, shame, and feelings of isolation and alienation. Bisexuals may feel like they must hide their identities to fit in or avoid conflict. They may engage in "bisexual erasure" by downplaying or denying their attraction to men/women. They may also try to prove themselves to others, leading to promiscuous behavior that could result in physical and emotional harm.
In addition to the immediate impact, repeated invalidation can contribute to long-term effects such as increased stress hormones (cortisol) and decreased immune function. This may make bisexuals more vulnerable to chronic illnesses and lower quality of life.
Invalidation can lead to poor mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and suicide attempts.
Discriminatory environments create fear and uncertainty for bisexuals, who may hesitate to come out or speak up against prejudice. This can prevent them from accessing support systems, education, and resources that would benefit them. They may also be unable to form meaningful relationships with others due to constant microaggressions, leading to loneliness and isolation. Invalidation can even impact bisexuals' ability to access basic needs such as food, shelter, and medical care.
Social invalidation is a major barrier for bisexuals seeking acceptance and equality. Education, policy change, and cultural shifts are needed to reduce stigma and promote equity. Individuals can support bisexual friends, family members, and coworkers by listening without judgment, learning about biphobia, and speaking out against it when they see it.
What psychological effects arise from repeated social invalidation, microaggressions, or explicit discrimination toward bisexual individuals?
The pervasiveness of negative social attitudes toward bisexuality can have serious psychological consequences for those who identify as such. Studies suggest that bisexuals experience higher levels of anxiety, depression, stress, and low self-esteem compared to their heterosexual and homosexual counterparts (Fredriksen & Sjöberg, 2015).