The experience of children growing up in same-sex families is unique and shaped by both their family environment and broader social attitudes towards homosexuality and parenthood. Many studies have examined how family structure affects child development, but few have focused specifically on the effects of being raised by gay or lesbian parents. This review will examine current research to illuminate some of these issues and consider implications for policy.
Overview of Family Structure Studies
Family structure refers to the physical composition of the household where a child lives, including whether it consists of married biological parents, single parents, stepfamilies, foster care, group homes, or other arrangements. Several meta-analyses have found that children in non-intact households (e.g., divorce, separation) are at greater risk for a variety of negative outcomes such as behavioral problems, lower academic achievement, delinquency, drug abuse, teen pregnancy, and criminal activity (Amato & Keith, 1991; McLanahan & Sandefur, 1994; Tach, 2008).
Family structure does not operate alone - there are also interactions between structural variables like race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender, and neighborhood context (McLanahan & Sandefur, 1994). Moreover, even within intact families, parenting quality matters more than structure per se (Bengtson et al., 2016).
Growing Up with Gay Parents
Some studies suggest that growing up with same-sex parents may be associated with specific challenges due to societal stigma and discrimination.
Children of lesbian mothers tend to report higher levels of distress related to being different from peers and experiencing bullying or rejection by adults (Goldberg et al., 2015; Patterson et al., 2013). This may lead to social withdrawal, isolation, or poor self-esteem. On the other hand, some research has shown no differences in emotional or behavioral adjustment between children of gay and heterosexual couples (Patterson et al., 2013), suggesting that these effects may be mediated by individual factors such as resilience and support systems (Benoit et al., 2014). Other studies have found positive outcomes for LGBTQ youth, including increased empathy and acceptance towards others (Greenberg et al., 2009).
Empirical Evidence on Policy Implications
These findings have important implications for policy. First, they emphasize the importance of promoting family stability and protecting all types of families from external stressors such as poverty, violence, and prejudice. Second, they highlight the need for inclusive school curricula and community initiatives that affirm diverse family structures.
They indicate a need for further research on specific interventions that could improve the mental health of at-risk groups like LGBTQ youth (e.g., cultural competency training, mentorship programs). By addressing both structural and personal variables that affect child wellbeing, policymakers can help create more equitable and supportive environments for all families.
Growing up in same-sex families is associated with distinct challenges but also opportunities for learning and growth. As society becomes increasingly accepting of diversity, it is essential to provide resources and support for all parents to raise happy, healthy children.