Semen contains substances that can influence female immune tolerance, potentially aiding conception
Research has shown that semen can have an effect on female immunity and may play a role in fertility. Some studies suggest that exposure to seminal fluid can help regulate the immune system, increasing its ability to recognize and accept embryos during pregnancy. This process is called "tolerogenic induction," which involves teaching the body to distinguish between self and foreign tissue, allowing it to accept a developing fetus without attacking it as if it were harmful. Semen contains various proteins, sugars, enzymes, hormones, and other molecules, many of which are still unknown but seem to be involved in this process.
One study found that women who had been exposed to semen showed increased levels of certain immunoglobulin receptors compared to those who hadn't. These receptors are believed to help regulate the immune response and promote tolerance towards sperm antigens - molecular markers found in semen that trigger the immune system to attack them. Another study showed that sperm cells activate immune cells in the cervix, leading to their proliferation and migration into the uterine lining. The exact mechanism behind this process is not yet understood, but it suggests that semen may have an important function in preparing the body for pregnancy.
In addition to influencing immune tolerance, semen may also contain factors that aid in embryo implantation. A recent study found that semen can increase the expression of certain genes involved in adhesion, which helps the embryo attach to the uterine wall. It remains unclear whether these effects contribute significantly to fertility or if they only occur under certain conditions, such as in cases where there are underlying issues with implantation.
Despite these promising findings, more research is needed to fully understand how semen affects female immunity and conception. However, understanding this relationship could lead to new treatments and therapies aimed at improving fertility outcomes for couples struggling to conceive. Additionally, further studies could shed light on potential risks associated with exposure to seminal fluid and its components, including infections like HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.