The concept of gender has been an integral part of human history since ancient times.
It is often limited to binary categorization between males and females based on their physical characteristics such as chromosomes, hormones, genitalia, and secondary sexual traits. Religion plays a significant role in shaping cultural beliefs about gender norms that determine masculine and feminine identities. Religious narratives are rich in archetypes depicting gender roles and expectations, which can influence how LGBTQ adherents internalize spirituality and perceive themselves. In this article, I will examine the relationship between religious narratives and the self-perception of LGBTQ individuals by exploring how they shape gender identity and impact their spirituality.
There is no uniform definition of masculinity and femininity within religions, as they vary across cultures and time periods.
Hinduism recognizes three genders - male, female, and third gender or hijras - which transcends the gender binaries. The concept of hijra or eunuch is prevalent in South Asian countries like India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Hijras have played a crucial role in preserving traditional Indian culture and society for centuries, particularly during weddings and childbirth ceremonies. They consider themselves neither men nor women but possess both masculine and feminine qualities.
Some Islamic scholars deny the existence of intersex individuals, arguing that God creates only two sexes. As such, hijras face discrimination and violence due to the lack of acceptance of their gender identity.
Religious narratives portray masculine and feminine characteristics through various characters.
In Christianity, Adam and Eve represent the first man and woman created by God. According to Genesis, God said, "Let us make humankind in our image" (Genesis 1:26), implying that human beings are made in God's likeness. Thus, religion defines what it means to be male and female based on physical appearance and biology. Male figures are often associated with strength, power, authority, leadership, and independence, while females embody nurturing, caring, submissiveness, and domesticity. These stereotypes can create unrealistic expectations for LGBTQ adherents who do not fit into these categories. This pressure to conform to gender norms may lead to self-loathing, depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts among them.
Religions emphasize the importance of heterosexual relationships between males and females in procreation. Some religious communities believe that sexual activity outside this union is sinful or unnatural. Therefore, LGBTQ individuals struggle to reconcile their sexual orientation with their spiritual beliefs. They may experience cognitive dissonance, questioning whether they belong to a particular faith group or society. The Church teaches that homosexuality is morally wrong because it deviates from the natural order established by God. The Roman Catholic Church, for instance, condemns same-sex relations as sinful, which has led to discrimination against LGBTQ people.
Some Christian denominations accept them, emphasizing God's love for all creation, including gays and lesbians.
Religious narratives influence spiritual practices and rituals that reinforce masculine and feminine identities.
Islam prescribes specific duties for men and women during prayer. Men pray facing Mecca, while women stand behind them. In Judaism, men have more religious roles than women, such as leading services, reading scriptures, and performing circumcisions. Jewish girls are also required to undergo a bat mitzvah ceremony at the age of twelve, whereas boys celebrate bar mitzvah at thirteen. These traditions perpetuate patriarchal structures that exclude women and make them subservient to male authority.
Religious narratives shape gender norms and expectations that can influence how LGBTQ adherents internalize spirituality and self-perception. While religion promotes heteronormativity, some communities embrace diversity by accepting LGBTQ individuals.
This often comes at the expense of exclusion and marginalization. It would be best if LGBTQ people were accepted without judgment or discrimination based on their sexual orientation or gender identity. Therefore, religious leaders should reevaluate their teachings and embrace inclusivity to create a safe space for everyone to practice their faith.
How do archetypes of masculinity and femininity embedded in religious narratives influence the internalized spirituality and self-perception of LGBTQ adherents?
The archetypes of masculinity and femininity embedded in religious narratives can influence the internalized spirituality and self-perception of LGBTQ adherents by challenging their gender identities and sexual orientations. Religious teachings that promote heterosexual relationships may make individuals who identify as LGBTQ feel excluded from their faith communities, leading to feelings of alienation and disconnection from God.