What psychological, social, cultural and educational dimensions influence how men engage with, integrate or resist the feminine aspects of their identities, how do structural forces of masculinity, culture, pedagogy, therapy and community intervene, and how might future models of pedagogy, therapy and social practice support plural, expansive, relational masculinities and gender‑fluid expressions?
The way that people experience and express gender is affected by various factors, including psychological, social, cultural, and educational dimensions.
Societal expectations regarding masculinity and femininity can shape how individuals view themselves and interact with others. The concept of "toxic masculinity" has gained popularity recently, referring to negative traits that are stereotypically associated with masculinity, such as aggression, violence, and dominance.
Men may also struggle with embracing more traditionally feminine qualities like empathy, vulnerability, and nurturing. Cultural messages about what it means to be a man can further reinforce these divisions between masculine and feminine characteristics.
Educational experiences can also impact gender identity. In schools and universities, traditional roles are often emphasized, with girls expected to excel in language-based subjects while boys are encouraged to focus on math and science. This can limit both genders from exploring diverse interests and developing well-rounded skill sets. Therapy can also play a role in supporting gender fluidity and helping individuals navigate complex issues surrounding gender identity.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help individuals challenge harmful beliefs about gender and develop healthier patterns of thinking and behaving.
Community interventions can also be effective in promoting plural, expansive, and relational masculinities. Programs like the Men's Story Project seek to promote positive male role models and create safe spaces for open communication and connection among men. These initiatives aim to empower men to break down barriers and connect across differences, thereby creating a more equitable society for all.
There is no one-size-fits-all approach to support plural, expansive, relational masculinities and gender‑fluid expressions. Rather, multiple factors must be addressed simultaneously, including psychological, social, cultural, educational, and therapeutic interventions that encourage individuals to explore their own identities and values. Through collective action and community-building, we can work towards a world where gender expression and identity are celebrated as diverse and inclusive.