The female sexual response is influenced by psychological, hormonal, and relational factors.
Psychologically, women experience a wide range of emotions that can affect their level of desire and arousal. These include feelings of stress, anxiety, depression, guilt, shame, self-doubt, and fear. Stress can lead to an increased release of cortisol, which reduces testosterone levels and decreases libido. Anxiety about performance or body image may make it difficult for a woman to become aroused or reach orgasm. Depression can reduce a woman's interest in sex and dampen her sensitivity to stimuli. Guilt and shame about past sexual experiences or current desires can impede a woman from enjoying sex. Self-doubt about being attractive or satisfying a partner may also lower her self-esteem.
Hormonally, fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone levels throughout the menstrual cycle and during menopause can impact a woman's sexual functioning. Estrogen increases blood flow to the genitals, making them more sensitive and responsive to touch. Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy, but can also cause fatigue, mood swings, and loss of interest in sex. During pregnancy, hormones surge and a woman may find herself with heightened sex drive. After childbirth, hormone levels drop sharply, leading to vaginal dryness and a decrease in desire. Menopause brings further hormonal changes that can affect arousal and lubrication.
Relational factors include a woman's relationship with her partner(s), her social environment, and cultural norms. A positive, supportive partnership is essential for healthy sexual expression. Women who feel safe, loved, and respected by their partners are likely to have greater satisfaction with sex than those who do not. Social norms around gender roles, sexuality, and sexual activity can shape a woman's attitudes towards sex and intimacy. Cultural beliefs about virginity, purity, and family values may limit a woman's freedom to explore her own sexual needs and desires.