Sexual minorities face significant challenges when it comes to their social integration. They may experience rejection from friends and family members, exclusion from communities, hostility from strangers, marginalization in schools, discrimination at work, and even physical violence. Religion has often been used as a tool for persecution and oppression against them. But some religious groups have also played a role in supporting them. Religions can provide a sense of belonging, community, identity, and purpose that is especially important for those who feel isolated or rejected. In this article, we will explore how different levels of religious engagement impact psychological outcomes for sexual minorities.
The term "sexual minority" refers to people whose gender identity or sexual orientation does not conform to societal norms. This includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, pansexual, asexual, aromantic, demisexual, nonbinary, agender, bigender, and others. Some choose to identify publicly as such while others do not. They may be born into these identities, acquire them through life experiences, or decide upon them. Their relationships may involve romance, sex, intimacy, friendship, and more. The term "religion" is broad and encompasses various belief systems, rituals, practices, and institutions. It can refer to organized religion, spirituality, faith, mysticism, and other forms of personal practice.
Research suggests that there are two types of religious engagement: selective and full participation. Selective engagement involves occasional involvement in religious activities, such as attending services or participating in events but not adhering to strict doctrine or beliefs. Full participation means actively subscribing to all the principles and practices of a religion. Both approaches can benefit sexual minorities' mental health by providing social support, resources, and opportunities for connection.
Some studies have found that full participation may lead to greater psychological distress due to internalized stigma and conflict between personal values and religious teachings.
Selective engagement allows for flexibility and autonomy, which may help individuals avoid feelings of shame, guilt, or self-doubt associated with their sexual identity. It also provides access to spiritual benefits without compromising one's sense of self. Research has shown that this type of engagement improves mental health outcomes, including lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. On the other hand, full participation requires complete acceptance of traditional gender roles and sexual norms, which can create tension for those who do not conform to them. This can result in higher rates of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among LGBTQ+ people.
Both selective and full participation can offer unique advantages and disadvantages for sexual minorities. The choice depends on individual needs, preferences, and circumstances. It is important for religious leaders and communities to provide safe spaces for all members to explore their identities and receive support regardless of their level of involvement. We must work towards inclusivity and equality so that everyone can live authentically and thrive spiritually.
What are the psychological outcomes of selective religious engagement versus full participation for sexual minorities?
While research shows that religious affiliation has positive effects on wellbeing and mental health for many individuals, there is evidence to suggest that this may not be true for sexual minorities (e. g. , LGBTQ+ people). In fact, some studies indicate that selectively participating in certain religious activities (i. e.