Intersectionality is a concept that recognizes how different identities can intersect and overlap to create unique experiences and struggles for an individual. Queerness, which refers to non-heterosexual orientations and genders beyond cisgender binary masculinity/femininity, is often accompanied by multiple intersections.
A Black bisexual woman may face discrimination based on race, gender identity, and sexual orientation simultaneously. Intersectional marginalization compounds this risk because it means that these systems of oppression are linked together, making it harder for queer people of color to escape from them. The violence against queer women and trans individuals comes from various sources, including family members, strangers, employers, law enforcement, healthcare providers, religious institutions, and society at large. This violence takes many forms, such as physical assault, verbal harassment, online bullying, hate crimes, institutionalized discrimination, and microaggressions. These actions result in significant mental, emotional, and physical harm that impedes their ability to live safely and freely.
One study found that queer women and trans people experience higher rates of intimate partner violence compared to heterosexual men and women. In addition, they were more likely to report experiencing stalking, unwanted touching or kissing, rape, attempted rape, and other types of sexual assault. Trans individuals were also more likely to be sexually harassed in public spaces, while queer women reported greater incidences of harassment online. This violence disproportionately affects those who have additional marginalizations, such as being disabled, undocumented immigrants, or living in poverty. The intersectionality of identities means that these individuals face multiple layers of oppression that make it difficult for them to seek help or support when needed. They may fear losing their jobs, homes, or families if they come out or report abuse.
They may not feel comfortable seeking services designed for cisgender LGBTQ+ populations because the systems are set up for cisnormative heteronormativity.
Another aspect of intersectional marginalization is how it affects access to resources and opportunities. Queer women and trans individuals often face barriers to employment, housing, education, healthcare, and social networks due to systemic prejudice.
They may be denied loans or mortgages because of their gender identity, fired from their jobs because of their sexual orientation, or turned away from doctors because of their bodies. These experiences contribute to economic instability, which can lead to increased risk of homelessness and exploitation. Many queer people also lack role models and mentors within their communities, making it harder to find support during challenges. Intersectionality compounds this by limiting access to mentorship programs, job training, and other resources meant to benefit minority groups.
The effects of intersectional marginalization on queer women and trans individuals can be seen in their daily lives and relationships. They experience higher rates of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance use disorders, and suicide attempts than their straight counterparts.
They have less intimate partnerships due to fear of rejection or violence. This isolation increases vulnerability and makes them more susceptible to abuse. The intersectionality of identities makes it hard to connect with others who understand their unique struggles, leading to loneliness and alienation. Intersectionality also contributes to a culture where victim blaming and shaming are commonplace, preventing victims from receiving support and justice.
To address the intersections of oppression that queer women and trans people face, we need to prioritize community building, advocacy, and education. Affirmative therapies should be made available for those dealing with trauma related to violence, while resources must be accessible without judgment or stigma. Employers and institutions should take responsibility for creating safe spaces and equitable policies.
Intersectionality needs to be recognized as a complex reality that requires nuanced solutions tailored to each individual's experiences. By doing so, we can begin to break down barriers that keep many queer folks from living full and healthy lives free from violence.
How does intersectional marginalization compound the risk of violence against queer women and trans individuals?
Marginalization refers to the exclusion or social isolation of certain groups based on their gender identity or sexual orientation. Intersectional marginalization involves the simultaneous experience of multiple forms of oppression such as racism, classism, ableism, ageism, and more. Queer women and trans individuals are often targeted for physical and emotional abuse due to their nonconformity with cultural norms about gender and sexuality.