During the menstrual cycle, vaginal secretions undergo changes in both quantity and composition that can have significant effects on overall health and fertility. The changes in these secretions are driven primarily by hormonal shifts, which vary throughout the month. In general, vaginal fluid is produced as a result of glands in the cervix and walls of the vagina secreting mucus into the vaginal canal. This mucus plays an important role in maintaining lubrication during intercourse and protecting against bacterial infections.
The composition of vaginal fluid varies depending on where you are in your menstrual cycle. During early follicular phase (days 1-14), estrogen levels begin to rise, causing the cervical mucus to become more viscous and stretchy. During ovulation (day 14), the mucus becomes even thinner and clearer than it was before, making it easier for sperm to swim through it. After ovulation, progesterone rises sharply, causing the cervical mucus to thicken again, making it difficult for sperm to move around. This thickening helps prevent other males from fertilizing the egg if the woman has already been inseminated with the man's sperm.
After ovulation, the amount of discharge decreases significantly until just before menstruation begins. This is known as the luteal phase. At this point, estrogen and progesterone levels drop off, leading to the breakdown of the endometrium lining inside the uterus. As a result, there may be spotting or bleeding that signals the beginning of menstruation. The decrease in hormones also causes the pH balance of the vagina to change, which can cause yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis in some women.
Overall, understanding how vaginal secretions change throughout the menstrual cycle can help women better understand their bodies and make informed decisions about when they want to engage in sexual activity. By being aware of these changes, women can take steps to optimize their health and fertility by choosing the right time to try to conceive.