Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a harmful cultural practice affecting sexual health. It refers to partial or total removal of external female genitalia for nonmedical reasons. This can include clitoridectomy, infibulation, pricking, cutting, and other forms. FGM is mostly done at birth or during childhood, as an initiation rite into womanhood. It involves stitching the vaginal opening shut, leaving a small opening to allow urine and menstrual blood flow. The procedure often causes infections, pain, bleeding, shock, and even death. In some cases, girls die before reaching puberty from complications. Many girls suffer long-term problems with sexual function and pleasure. FGM has no known medical benefit. It violates human rights and harms women physically and mentally. Awareness campaigns help reduce it, but many countries lack strict laws banning it. Some argue that these laws infringe on religious freedom, which may justify FGM as necessary for marriage. Opponents say FGM should be abolished worldwide, including its ritual aspects.
Additional Information:
The World Health Organization estimates 200 million women and girls are affected by FGM globally. It's most common in Africa, where over 80% of women have undergone the procedure.
Europe, Asia, and North America also practice FGM. Different groups, like ethnic minorities and immigrants, might also practice FGM. Parents believe FGM protects their daughter's virginity and marriability, though there's little evidence this is true. Some cultures associate FGM with cleanliness and hygiene, while others see it as a symbol of fertility. Unfortunately, FGM can cause lifelong physical and mental harm, affecting sexual health, childbirth, and intimacy. Surgeries exist to repair damaged tissues, but they don't undo all effects. The only way to prevent FGM is education and legislation, but cultural norms are hard to change.