Curatorial ethics are guidelines that museums follow when selecting, displaying, and interpreting artworks. These guidelines ensure that exhibitions remain neutral and unbiased while representing diverse perspectives.
How can curators balance these principles when exhibiting works that challenge dominant social norms such as sex, sexuality, eroticism, intimacy, or relationships? This essay explores this question by looking at different case studies and considering the challenges facing curators when creating controversial displays.
The first issue is defining what constitutes a "challenging" work.
Some may find a nude painting disturbing due to its sensual nature, while others might appreciate it for its beauty or message. Similarly, depictions of gender roles, same-sex relationships, or BDSM activities could be considered problematic to some viewers. To navigate these issues, curators must consider their audience's expectations and context. They should also avoid censorship and instead provide educational materials explaining the artist's intent and historical background.
In "The Body Beautiful," an exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery in Washington DC, curator Dr. Katherine Ott selected portraits featuring queer identities and bodies with disabilities. She faced criticism from conservative groups who argued against the inclusion of explicit images.
She defended her choice by stating that the show aimed to expand perceptions of identity and beauty beyond traditional notions.
A second challenge involves balancing freedom of expression with respect for cultural differences. In 2019, The Museum of Sex in New York City displayed a photograph of two women kissing on a bench titled "Kiss My Queerness." While some praised the image for promoting LGBTQ+ visibility, others criticized it for exploiting women's bodies without their consent. Curator Leigh Morse explained that she wanted to create a space where visitors could explore sexuality safely but still felt uncomfortable about the photo. She removed it after receiving complaints from the public and artists who did not want to be associated with the museum. This incident highlights the need for curators to consult with all stakeholders before making decisions that could impact exhibitions negatively.
Curatorial ethics must balance the need for diversity with the risk of offending audiences or causing harm.
The Smithsonian Institution included works by controversial artist Jeff Koons in its exhibition "Artists Respond: American Art and the Vietnam War." Critics accused him of appropriating Indigenous imagery and glorifying violence towards women. The museum responded by adding contextual information explaining his artistic approach and providing alternatives for viewers who found the works triggering. Still, this case shows how challenging content can lead to difficult conversations and potential backlash.
Curatorial ethics are essential when selecting, displaying, and interpreting works that challenge dominant social norms. They help museums remain neutral while representing diverse perspectives and allowing visitors to engage with challenging topics.
Navigating these issues requires careful consideration of audience expectations, cultural sensitivity, freedom of expression, and respect for all voices. By balancing these principles, curators can create thought-provoking exhibits that promote inclusivity and understanding.
How do curatorial ethics navigate the selection, display, and interpretation of works that challenge dominant social norms?
The curator must consider several factors when exhibiting challenging artworks such as cultural sensitivity, historical context, social impact, personal biases, artistic intentions, and public perception. They should analyze how the work may be perceived by different audiences and if it is appropriate for the institution's mission statement. Curators must also evaluate whether the display and interpretation are accurate and informative while acknowledging potential controversy surrounding the work.