Researchers have studied how experiences of rejection may impact individuals' mental health, including their overall sense of well-being and interpersonal functioning.
Less attention has been paid to the specific role that sexual rejection may play in shaping these outcomes. This article explores the potential links between sexual rejection and broader relational insecurity or emotional withdrawal, drawing on empirical evidence from psychology and related disciplines. It considers several key factors that may contribute to these associations, including attachment dynamics, self-esteem, cultural norms, and social contexts. The discussion also addresses implications for understanding individual differences in vulnerability to these effects, as well as potential strategies for mitigating them.
This review provides a comprehensive perspective on how sexual rejection can shape broader psychological processes, contributing to a deeper understanding of human behavior and relationships.
Research on the psychological consequences of sexual rejection has primarily focused on its potential impact on romantic relationships.
Studies suggest that rejection in this domain can lead to feelings of sadness, anxiety, jealousy, and anger, as well as decreased relationship satisfaction and commitment (Dahl et al., 2017; Gable & Gonzaga, 2006).
There is growing recognition that rejection may extend beyond romantic partnerships and affect other types of close bonds, such as friendships and family ties (Matsumoto, 2015). Indeed, some researchers have proposed that experiences of sexual rejection could be particularly devastating due to their connection with fundamental needs for intimacy and affiliation (Shapiro & Dardis, 2018).
One important mechanism linking sexual rejection to broader relational insecurity or emotional withdrawal may involve attachment styles. Attachment theory posits that individuals develop expectations about their ability to rely on others for safety and support based on early caregiving experiences (Bowlby, 1969/1988), which can influence later relationships (Shaver & Mikulincer, 2002). Specifically, those who are more anxious or avoidant in their attachments may be especially vulnerable to rejection, given their tendency to perceive themselves as unworthy or undeserving of love and care (Kobak & Dalgleish, 2013). Thus, when faced with sexual rejection, they may experience heightened distress and self-doubt, making it difficult to form new connections and maintain existing ones.
A recent study found that people with high levels of attachment anxiety were more likely to interpret neutral interactions as negative after being rejected by a potential partner (Selvan et al., 2017).
Self-esteem is another factor that may contribute to the links between sexual rejection and broader psychological outcomes. Research suggests that individuals' perceptions of their own worth and competence play an essential role in shaping their social interactions and relationships (Evans & Rothbart, 2007). When experiencing sexual rejection, those with low self-esteem may become even more critical of themselves, leading to feelings of shame, guilt, and embarrassment. This, in turn, can lead to social withdrawal and reduced engagement with others, potentially exacerbating relational insecurities (Harter, 19990; Shaver et al., 1995). In addition, low self-esteem may make individuals less resilient to rejection, increasing the likelihood of long-term impacts on mental health (e.g., depression) (Gomez et al., 2016).
What psychological mechanisms link sexual rejection to broader relational insecurity or emotional withdrawal?
According to research, sexual rejection can lead to feelings of insecurity and emotional withdrawal due to several psychological mechanisms that are rooted in interpersonal relationships. One such mechanism is self-esteem threat, where individuals may perceive themselves as unworthy or less desirable after experiencing rejection. This can cause them to avoid social situations or become more guarded around potential partners, leading to further isolation and loneliness.