Emotions are intrinsic to human existence, serving various purposes such as communication, motivation, and perception.
They can be categorized into primary emotions like fear, anger, joy, sadness, disgust, surprise, and secondary emotions like pride, shame, guilt, envy, embarrassment, amusement, admiration, contempt, pity, awe, relief, and excitement. Secondary emotions play a vital role in regulating social interactions.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory suggests that humans have a hierarchy of physical, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs that drive their behavior. The need for love and affection is essential for fulfilling basic needs.
Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that individuals experience mental conflict when holding contradictory beliefs, attitudes, or values, causing them to rationalize their choices.
Social psychology studies how individuals interact with others in different contexts. Self-presentation theory explains how people manage impressions they make on others.
Attribution theory suggests that individuals assign causality to events based on internal (dispositional) or external (situational) factors.
Attachment theory posits that early experiences shape relationships throughout life.
Affective forecasting involves predicting future feelings based on current mood.
Mental accounting is the tendency to separate money into different categories, leading to irrational spending patterns.
Heuristics are mental shortcuts used to simplify decision-making without considering all available information.
Framing effects occur when the same choice appears differently depending on how it is presented.
Conformity occurs when individuals change their behaviors due to peer pressure.
Alternative explanation bias occurs when individuals seek explanations other than the obvious one.
Optimism bias causes individuals to overestimate positive outcomes while underestimating negative ones.
Bystander effect results from social influence where individuals do not act when others don't.
Self-serving bias occurs when individuals attribute success to internal factors and failure to external ones.
Halo effect refers to favorable impressions of a person due to attractiveness, intelligence, or talent.
Anchoring occurs when initial knowledge influences subsequent decisions.
Loss aversion implies that avoiding losses is more powerful than acquiring gains.
Status quo bias leads individuals to maintain current situations rather than change them.
Endowment effect suggests that individuals value things they own higher than those they don't.
Risk perception depends on perceived likelihood, severity, control, and ambiguity.
Decision-making involves choosing between alternatives with incomplete information. Prospect theory accounts for risk aversion, loss aversion, and reference dependence.
Emotional reasoning occurs when emotions affect thinking, leading to irrational conclusions.
Sunk cost fallacy occurs when individuals continue investments despite losing money.
Ego depletion occurs when mental energy decreases after making choices, resulting in less rational behavior.
Fear of missing out (FOMO) can lead to excessive spending and risk-taking.
Emotional preference bias occurs when individuals choose options based on emotional preferences rather than objective criteria.}
How does emotional preference bias choices in ways that appear rational but conceal deeper psychological motivations?
Emotions are complex states that involve multiple factors, including biological, cognitive, and social influences. They can influence how we perceive and process information, leading us to make decisions based on feelings rather than logic. This is known as emotional bias. One example of an emotional bias is the availability heuristic, which occurs when people place more weight on information that is easily available to them, even if it is not necessarily representative of the whole picture.