Sexual Harassment is defined as "unwelcome verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature" (US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) that has the purpose or effect of creating an intimidating or hostile environment for a person. In addition to its legal definition, there are various perceptions of what constitutes sexual harassment. This term encompasses many forms, such as unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, sexually explicit images, sexual propositions, gender stereotyping comments, and more. Adolescence is characterized by puberty, increased cognitive maturity, social interactions, and romantic entanglements. Romance can become complicated during this period when young people start exploring their sexuality and experimenting with relationships. While some adolescents may be aware of their boundaries and actively seek romance, others might experience pressure from peers or partners who attempt to manipulate them into unwanted situations. Sexual coercion refers to forcefully engaging in nonconsensual sexual acts. It could take different forms, including kissing, touching, groping, penetration, sexting, and cyberbullying. It often results in emotional and psychological trauma, especially if it involves someone they care about. In peer contexts, harassment is commonly reported among girls than boys due to cultural expectations that boys should have more power over women's bodies.
Girls could be asked to perform sexual favors to gain status, while boys may be ridiculed or excluded if they do not comply with their peers' demands. Victims report feeling humiliated, confused, anxious, depressed, angry, ashamed, guilty, and fearful. They also feel violated and suffer from low self-esteem.
Adolescents generally perceive sexual harassment as a serious issue and consider appropriate measures to prevent its occurrence. The most common strategy is avoidance, which includes ignoring the situation, leaving the conversation, changing seats, and blocking the perpetrator. This approach, however, does not always work, as many victims are intimidated by threats, blackmails, or other forms of retaliation. Another strategy is confrontation, whereby victims call out the offender or stand up for themselves. They can also use physical resistance to block further advances, such as pushing away or running away.
Reporting the incident to an adult authority figure, such as a parent, teacher, or school counselor, is another option.
This approach might trigger feelings of shame, guilt, and embarrassment, making some adolescents reluctant to speak out.
Sexual coercion is often addressed through assertiveness training and boundary setting skills. Adolescents learn how to say 'no' firmly without being rude or aggressive. They also learn ways to communicate effectively, maintain eye contact, and express their boundaries clearly. In addition, education on consent and respect for others' bodies is vital in helping young people understand what constitutes appropriate behavior. To respond to incidents involving sexting or cyberbullying, they should notify social media platforms immediately. Reporting incidents to law enforcement may be necessary if the victim feels threatened or endangered.
How do adolescents perceive, prevent, and respond to sexual harassment or coercion in peer and romantic contexts?
Adolescence is an important developmental stage during which individuals transition from childhood into adulthood. During this time, they may experience physical, cognitive, and social changes that impact their perception of themselves and others. Peer relationships play a crucial role in shaping adolescent behavior, including how they interact with peers sexually and romantically.