The term "bissu" refers to an individual who is believed to possess both male and female attributes and serves as a mediator between the divine world and the human world in traditional animist religions from Indonesia's central Sulawesi region. They are expected to perform a variety of religious tasks, including healing ceremonies, spiritual guidance, and blessing objects like water and rice crops.
This role has been subject to controversy due to their unique gender identity, which challenges the social norms surrounding masculinity and femininity within these communities.
One of the most significant challenges faced by bissu is the expectation that they must conform to rigid gender roles while performing their ritual duties. In many cases, they are seen as embodying both genders simultaneously, but they must still act in accordance with the expectations of each gender.
During healing ceremonies, bissu may dress as women and take on the role of a mother figure, offering comfort and support to those who are sick or in distress. At other times, they may dress as men and lead rituals involving strength and power. This requires them to be able to switch seamlessly between different identities and behaviors, often with little warning.
Another challenge for bissu is the stigma associated with their role. Many people view them as abnormal or even cursed, believing that they have been possessed by evil spirits or demons. As a result, bissu may face discrimination and even violence from members of their own community. Some families may banish them or refuse to allow them to participate in important rituals, while others may fear that they will bring bad luck if they associate with them. This can make it difficult for bissu to find acceptance and support within their community, even though they play an essential role in maintaining traditional beliefs and practices.
Despite these challenges, bissu continue to perform their religious functions, acting as mediators between the human world and the divine realm. They do so by drawing on their unique blend of male and female characteristics, which allows them to see things from multiple perspectives and offer insight into spiritual matters. Their ability to navigate the tension between sacred gender roles, ritual authority, and social stigma is crucial to preserving the traditions of their communities and connecting people with the divine.