The color and texture of the vulva vary widely among individuals and can change with arousal.
The vagina is an internal organ located between the labia minora and the urethra that is responsible for receiving semen during intercourse. The external genitalia of female mammals includes both the labia majora and the labia minora. The latter enclose and protect the former and are usually covered by pubic hair. In this way, the labia are similar to eyelids, which cover the eyes but also act as sensory organs. Labia come in different shapes and sizes and may be asymmetrical in some women. While they are commonly referred to as "lips," the term refers more accurately to the folds of skin surrounding the vaginal opening rather than a single structure. Although the clitoris is often described as a small nubbin of tissue at the top of the vulva, it is actually composed of several parts that include the clitoral hood, crura, vestibular bulbs, and glans. This network of structures is highly sensitive and contains thousands of nerve endings. Clitoral size varies considerably from woman to woman, ranging from one millimeter to 5 centimeters. During arousal, the labia swell and the clitoris becomes erect and engorged with blood, making them larger and firmer. Some women experience pain or discomfort during intercourse due to these changes, which may require treatment. Vulvar discharge is normal and can vary widely in color, odor, and consistency depending on factors such as age, menstruation, and sexual activity. A thin, clear fluid may indicate healthy vaginal flora, while thick or foul-smelling secretions could indicate an infection. Additionally, the color of the vulva itself may change with age or during pregnancy. The perineum connects the vagina to the rectum and the urethra, creating a space known as the perianal area. Perineal muscles support this region and prevent urine and feces from leaking into the vagina. They also play an important role in childbirth by helping to widen the birth canal. The perineum is usually covered by pubic hair but can be shaved for aesthetic reasons or medical procedures. Overall, the complexity and variety of the female genitalia make it an intriguing topic for exploration and study.