International human rights standards are universal principles that all countries must follow when creating laws. These include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and others. They require governments to protect basic freedoms such as freedom from discrimination, life, liberty, and security of person. Domestic laws are created and enforced by each country's government. Sexual and gender minorities face unique challenges in many parts of the world due to societal norms and religious beliefs.
How do international human rights standards interact with domestic laws?
International human rights standards influence domestic laws by requiring countries to create protections for sexual and gender minorities.
The United Nations Convention Against Torture prohibits violence against anyone because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. This means countries who ratify this treaty must make laws against violence against these groups. If they fail to do so, they risk losing international support and funding. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights has also issued rulings in favor of LGBTQ+ people, making it harder for governments to ignore them.
How can international standards be used to advance protections?
International standards can be used to pressure governments into creating protections for sexual and gender minorities. When a country fails to meet its obligations under an international treaty, other countries may refuse to trade with them or give them aid. This happened recently when Saudi Arabia was denied a seat on the UN Human Rights Council for its treatment of women and LGBTQ+ people. Countries can also use diplomatic tactics like boycotts and sanctions to force compliance.
What challenges does this cause for domestic lawmakers?
Domestic lawmakers often resist following international standards because of cultural and political factors. Many conservative politicians believe that homosexuality is wrong and should not be protected by law. They may also argue that certain rights cannot be universal because cultures differ around the world. Some countries fear losing economic ties if they protect LGBTQ+ people, while others worry about public backlash if they appear too liberal. These obstacles are difficult to overcome but can be addressed through education and dialogue.
How do international human rights standards interact with domestic laws to advance or impede protections for sexual and gender minorities?
In many countries around the world, there is a lack of legal recognition and protection for individuals who identify as LGBTQ+. While some nations have made progress towards greater equality, many others still criminalize same-sex relationships and transgender identities. This has led to widespread discrimination, harassment, and violence against these communities.