The research literature is abundant in studies investigating how parental acceptance affects the mental health, wellbeing, and general development of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, plus (LGBTQ+) adolescents. Most studies show that when parents reject their children for being LGBTQ+, it can have long-term negative effects on their identity development, self-esteem, social integration, resilience, and mental health outcomes. Parental rejection can lead to increased risk-taking behaviors, depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, substance abuse, homelessness, and interpersonal violence. On the contrary, when parents are accepting of their children's sexual orientation or gender identity, they can provide support and resources that promote positive psychological adjustment, strengthen family relationships, and foster resiliency in challenging situations. In this context, this article will explore the impact of parental acceptance and rejection on LGBTQ+ adolescents' identity development, mental health, and resilience.
Impact on Identity Development
The process of developing a stable and authentic sense of self is an essential aspect of human development, which begins during childhood and continues through adolescence and into adulthood. The concept of identity refers to the understanding of who we are, what we value, and how we fit into society. This process involves exploring personal interests, beliefs, values, and experiences while integrating them into one's personality. For LGBTQ+ individuals, identity development is further complicated by societal stigma and discrimination related to their sexual orientation or gender expression. When parents are not accepting of their child's sexuality or gender identity, it can impede the normal process of exploration, leading to feelings of confusion, shame, guilt, and secrecy. In addition, rejecting parents may pressure their children to conform to traditional norms, causing internalized homophobia or transphobia. These experiences can lead to a lack of self-acceptance, low self-esteem, and difficulties forming a positive sense of self, all of which are detrimental to long-term wellbeing and happiness.
Mental Health Outcomes
Parental acceptance plays a crucial role in promoting positive mental health outcomes for LGBTQ+ youth. A recent study found that parental support was linked to lower rates of depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation among LGBTQ+ adolescents compared to those whose families were less accepting. Conversely, rejection from parents has been associated with an increased risk of these negative outcomes, as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eating disorders, and other behavioral problems. Parental rejection also increases the likelihood of running away from home, becoming homeless, or experiencing violence due to family conflict. In contrast, when parents provide emotional support and guidance, they can help their children develop coping skills to deal with difficult situations and build resilience.
Resiliency and Social Support Systems
Resilience is the ability to overcome adversity and bounce back from challenges. For LGBTQ+ individuals, developing resilience requires access to social supports, such as peers, counselors, teachers, and mentors who validate and affirm their identities. When parents reject them, LGBTQ+ youth may turn to friends or online communities for support but lack the resources and guidance needed to navigate complex social situations. On the contrary, having supportive parents can provide a safe haven where children feel accepted, valued, and supported while exploring their identities. This creates a sense of stability and security during a time of confusion and vulnerability. Parental acceptance can also reduce feelings of isolation, loneliness, and self-doubt, which are common in marginalized groups.
Having caring adults to rely on during difficult times can help LGBTQ+ adolescents build stronger relationships and develop a more robust support system.
What are the long-term impacts of parental acceptance or rejection on LGBTQ+ adolescents' identity development, mental health, and resilience?
The long-term effects of parental acceptance or rejection on LGBTQ+ adolescents can be profound and far-reaching, influencing their sense of self, relationships with others, and ability to cope with adversity throughout their lives.