Adolescence is an important life stage characterized by various physical, emotional, and cognitive changes that can be challenging for individuals to navigate.
For those who belong to more than one minority group, such as members of the LGBTQIA+ community, race or ethnicity, religion, disability status, etc., these changes can be even more complicated due to the intersections between their identities. This phenomenon known as intersectional stigma refers to the unique experiences and challenges faced by adolescents who identify with multiple marginalized groups simultaneously. In this article, I will explore how intersectional stigma affects adolescents' mental health and wellbeing, their relationships, and social interactions, and how they can manage it effectively.
Let us understand what intersectional stigma means. Intersectionality is a term coined by Professor Kimberlé Crenshaw to describe how various forms of oppression overlap and interact, creating unique experiences of discrimination and exclusion. It recognizes that individuals may experience different types of discrimination based on their gender, sexual orientation, race, class, ability, and other factors.
A black lesbian woman may face discrimination from both her racial and sexual identity communities, resulting in double jeopardy. Similarly, a disabled transgender man may experience prejudice due to his gender identity, disability, and perceived gender non-conformity. These overlapping layers of oppression can lead to feelings of isolation, confusion, and low self-esteem, making it difficult for adolescents to develop a positive sense of self-worth.
Intersectional stigma can manifest itself in many ways during adolescence. One significant impact is on mental health. Adolescents who belong to several minority groups are at increased risk of developing anxiety, depression, and other psychological issues. They may struggle to make sense of their identities or feel pressured to conform to societal norms that do not align with their true selves. This can result in internalized homophobia, body image concerns, and feelings of guilt or shame.
These individuals may be more likely to experience bullying, harassment, and violence, which can further exacerbate their mental health problems.
Another way intersectional stigma affects adolescents is through their relationships. As young people explore their romantic and sexual desires, they may find themselves navigating multiple levels of acceptance and rejection.
An Asian bisexual teenager might feel uncomfortable exploring same-sex attractions within their family or cultural community, leading them to conceal their identity. This secrecy can lead to social isolation, loneliness, and difficulty forming meaningful connections. Similarly, disabled teens may face challenges finding partners due to limited accessibility or ableism in the dating scene. In addition, interracial couples may encounter prejudice from both their own communities and society at large, complicating their relationship dynamics.
In terms of social interactions, adolescents' experiences of intersectional stigma can be complex. They may receive conflicting messages about how to act or what behaviors are acceptable based on their different identities.
A Muslim lesbian may feel pressure to keep her sexuality hidden while also feeling discriminated against for being Muslim. This double bind can create confusion and conflict as she tries to navigate her various identities.
Adolescents who identify with multiple minority groups may have fewer role models or support networks that understand their unique needs. This lack of representation can make it difficult for them to form strong peer groups or receive appropriate mentorship.
So how can adolescents manage these challenges effectively? One important strategy is self-advocacy. Adolescents should learn to assert their rights, educate others about their identities, and seek out spaces where they feel accepted and supported. They can also practice mindfulness and self-care techniques such as meditation, journaling, or therapy to regulate their emotions and build resilience. It is also essential for friends, family, teachers, and community members to provide inclusive environments where all young people can thrive regardless of their identity. By creating safe spaces, we can help reduce the impacts of intersectional stigma and foster more positive relationships between individuals.
How do adolescents experience and manage intersectional stigma when multiple minority identities intersect?
Adolescence is an important developmental period during which individuals begin to understand their social identity and explore their sense of self. When one experiences stigma due to their social identity such as gender, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, religion, physical ability, and any other group membership they belong to, it can be challenging for them to develop positive self-esteem, healthy relationships with others, and navigate through various social situations.