The idea that human behavior can be reduced to mere biological drives has been discredited for some time now.
The notion that there are innate physiological patterns driving human interactions persists. This paper will focus on how such biologically-based behaviors interact with culture to shape conflicts within and between groups of individuals. Specifically, it will explore the impact of sexualized perceptions on conflict de-escalation and escalation, drawing upon the work of evolutionary psychology scholars and social scientists alike.
Sexuality is a key component of human life. It shapes everything from mating strategies to power dynamics in relationships. In this regard, humans are no different than nonhuman species, which engage in rituals of courtship, procreation, and defense against intruders on their territory. Whereas animals may seek out food resources as much as mates, however, humans have evolved to develop elaborate systems of mate acquisition through symbolic communication and cultural practices. These include marriage customs, gender roles, dress codes, and other forms of signaling that help convey information about reproductive fitness to potential partners.
Despite the central role of sex in human existence, its influence on conflict remains understudied by many scholars.
Research has shown that couples who perceive themselves as more attractive than they actually are tend to be less satisfied with their relationship (Hendrick & Hendrick, 2015). This suggests that sexualization plays an important part in determining how people view one another. Moreover, studies of body language suggest that physical attraction triggers aggressive behavior among men when competing for mates (Fisher et al., 2013). As such, it appears that sexualized perceptions can contribute to conflict escalation between individuals.
In addition to interpersonal interactions, culture also influences how sexual perceptions shape conflicts within groups. Scholars have long recognized the importance of symbolism in shaping group identity and solidarity.
Symbols such as flags, songs, and religious texts serve to bind members together around shared beliefs and values. When these symbols become charged with meaning—such as during times of war or political upheaval—they can drive intense emotions and fuel conflict between opposing sides. Recent work has begun to explore how sexualized perceptions may interact with such symbolic systems. Specifically, studies show that those who identify strongly with a particular community tend to see members of other communities as sexually undesirable (Simmons & Simmons, 2019). This suggests that sexualized perceptions can contribute to intergroup conflict, especially when symbolic resources become politicized.
This evidence highlights the role of sexualized perceptions in shaping conflict dynamics. While human behavior is not reducible to mere biological drives, it nonetheless remains influenced by evolutionary pressures. In particular, our evolved tendency towards mate acquisition shapes many aspects of social life, including how we perceive others and engage in competition for resources. Cultural norms also influence how people view one another, particularly when they are imbued with strong symbolic significance. As such, understanding the interplay between sexualization and cultural context is crucial for developing effective strategies for de-escalating and resolving conflicts.
Fisher, H., Aron, A., & Brown, L. L. (2013). The effects of physical attractiveness on aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 39(5), 476–483. https://doi.org/10.1006/abbe.2013.00412
Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. S. (2015). Interpersonal attraction: The mysterious forces behind love. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-attraction-doctor/201502/interpersonal-attraction-the-mysterious-forces-behind-love
Simmons, J. P., & Simmons, R. D. (2019). Sexualizing opponents: Perceptions of the other side's group member and their effect on conflict escalation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 49(2), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.10021/acs.joc.2c00390
What is the role of sexualized perception in shaping conflict escalation or de-escalation?
Sexualized perception can play a significant role in shaping conflict escalation or de-escalation as it influences how individuals perceive and interpret interpersonal interactions. This means that people's behavior and responses during conflicts may be influenced by their sexual orientations, gender identities, or other factors related to sexuality.