The Chinese traditional view on sexual relations is that it is an important part of human existence but also a potentially dangerous force that must be controlled and directed to preserve social harmony. This approach was first articulated in Confucianism, which taught that sexual activity should take place within marriage for the purpose of producing children.
Taoism and Buddhism also played important roles in shaping attitudes towards sex, emphasizing asceticism and the need for self-discipline.
These beliefs were combined into a complex system of rules governing behavior and morality that has continued to shape Chinese culture even today.
Chinese society places great importance on family life, with men expected to provide for their wives and children while women are expected to take care of the household and raise the children. Marriage is seen as a sacred bond between two families rather than just individuals, and divorce is frowned upon. Traditionally, monogamy was considered essential, although some scholars argue that polygamy was practiced among the aristocracy. Sexual relationships outside of marriage were discouraged or outlawed altogether. As a result, prostitution was often tolerated but viewed as shameful.
Desire and eroticism have always been present in Chinese culture, from ancient poetry and literature to contemporary film and television. The role of sexuality in creating and reinforcing power dynamics, especially between men and women, has long been recognized.
The Yijing (I Ching) suggests that a man's ability to control his desires is key to maintaining moral order. In traditional Chinese medicine, energy flows throughout the body through channels called meridians, and intercourse is believed to be one way to keep this energy flowing smoothly.
As Western influence increased in China, attitudes towards sexuality began to change, particularly after the Communist Revolution. Mao Zedong himself encouraged free love and criticized the idea of monogamous marriage.
Traditional values remained strong, leading to strict controls over reproduction during the one-child policy era. Today, sex education is still limited and pornography remains illegal, but attitudes towards homosexuality and other forms of non-traditional behavior are becoming more open.
Chinese religious and philosophical systems have had a complex relationship with sexuality, balancing desire with moral order while recognizing its importance in human life. Despite changing times, these beliefs continue to shape social norms and attitudes towards intimacy and relationships in modern China.
How have Chinese religious and philosophical systems mediated tension between erotic desire and moral order?
Chinese religions and philosophies have historically played an important role in mediating tensions between sexual desire and moral order. These concepts are intertwined with notions of propriety, social class, gender, and power dynamics. Different cultural traditions place different levels of importance on sexuality and relationships, which can vary based on contextual factors such as time period and geographic location.