In China, there is no explicit legal definition for homosexuality or LGBTQ+ people.
Same-sex relationships have been criminalized since ancient times. During the reign of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi (2210 - 209 BCE), homosexuals were castrated while their male partners were executed. In the Han Dynasty (206 BCE to 220 CE), gay men were sentenced to death. During the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644 CE), gay males were also killed. Although homosexuality was decriminalized during modernization reforms under the Qing Dynasty (1636 - 1912), it remained taboo until recent years. As late as the 1950s, same-sex sexual relations were still considered a punishable crime in some parts of the country.
Chinese culture has always had an ambiguous attitude towards sex and eroticism. The Song dynasty (960 - 1279) celebrated its rich literary tradition, including works like "The Romance of the Western Chamber" which depicted many forms of love and romantic relationships between men. Similarly, in "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio," Pu Songling wrote about monsters who turn into beautiful young women, lesbian nuns, and transgendered Buddhist priests who fall in love with each other.
According to sociologist Fei Xiaotong, the traditional Confucian values emphasize filial piety, hard work, and family unity. These values shape the way people think about marriage, dating, and gender roles.
Arranged marriages are common, and there is a strong emphasis on the importance of having children.
These norms have been changing rapidly since the economic reform began in the 1970s, leading to more individualistic attitudes among younger generations.
Today, LGBTQ+ individuals face discrimination, stigma, and social exclusion despite China's increasing acceptance of diversity in general. Many gay couples keep their identities private due to fear of reprisal or rejection by friends, family, and employers. Some choose to move to larger cities where they feel safer. Others join online groups that provide support and information.
There are no clear laws regarding sexual consent in China, but most people agree that it should be enthusiastically given. In heterosexual relationships, men generally initiate sex, while women often use verbal cues such as moaning or eye contact. In same-sex relationships, both partners may take turns initiating intimacy. Both parties must communicate clearly about what they want before engaging in any sexual activity.
Sex education remains limited in Chinese schools, leaving many young people ignorant about safe practices. The only legal reference for contraception is the "Family Planning Law," which requires married couples to obtain government permission before conceiving a child.
This law does not apply to unmarried couples or single individuals. It also encourages sterilization for some families with multiple children, regardless of gender.
Eroticism is a sensitive topic in China, shaped by its complex history and cultural values. While religious guidance can help regulate behavior, it is not necessary in all cases. Instead, open communication between partners and responsible choices are essential for maintaining healthy and fulfilling relationships.
In atheist Chinese contexts, how are erotic behaviors, sexual identity, and relational expectations regulated without religious guidance?
Sexuality, intimacy, and romanticism are complex topics that require an individual approach depending on various circumstances. While some people may prefer to follow traditional gender roles and practices, others may challenge these norms by exploring new approaches to love and sex that do not align with heteronormative culture. Regardless of their preferences, most people rely on informal and unwritten rules about intimacy and relationships in order to make sense of their experience.