The vagina is an elastic organ located between the bladder and rectum. Its main function is to receive semen from male reproductive organs during copulation. Vaginal expansion occurs when semen enters the vagina. This expansion results in the erection of mucosal folds called rugae, which are present along its length. Rugae help facilitate sperm entry into the uterus for fertilization of ova. During childbirth, the birth canal expands to accommodate the infant's head through these rugae. They also allow for dilation during menstruation, enabling menstrual blood flow out of the body. The average adult female has about six to ten pairs of rugae, while young females have fewer. Rugae appear in the fourth month of fetal development and grow throughout puberty until they reach their maximum size in adulthood.
The vagina is lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that contains mucin glands. These secrete lubricating fluids to facilitate semen transport. Fibromuscular tissue supports the walls of the vagina, while smooth muscle fibers regulate its contractions. Sensory nerve endings enable women to feel sexual pleasure during sex. The hormone estrogen stimulates rugae growth during pregnancy and breastfeeding. During intercourse, semen travels upward from the cervix to the uterus, where it encounters cilia that propel it toward the fallopian tubes. As the penis moves in and out of the vagina, it causes friction between the labia minora (inner lips) and the clitoris, resulting in orgasm. Sexual intercourse can be enjoyable as long as both partners are consenting adults.
Vaginal expansion occurs when semen enters the vagina. This expansion results in the erection of mucosal folds called rugae, which are present along its length. These rugae help facilitate sperm entry into the uterus for fertilization of ova. The average adult female has about six to ten pairs of rugae, while young females have fewer. Rugae appear in the fourth month of fetal development and grow throughout puberty until they reach their maximum size in adulthood. The process begins with the secretion of oxytocin by the pituitary gland. Oxytocin stimulates the release of prostaglandins, which cause the cervical canal to dilate. Semen then enters the vagina, causing the walls to expand. The mucosa lining the vagina secretes lubricating fluids to reduce friction and increase pleasure. Fibromuscular tissue supports the walls of the vagina, while smooth muscle fibers regulate its contractions. Sensory nerve endings enable women to feel sexual pleasure during sex.
The vagina is a highly sensitive organ that requires regular hygiene to avoid bacterial or viral infections. Bacterial vaginosis is an overgrowth of normal vaginal flora caused by poor hygiene, antibiotic use, or sexually transmitted diseases. It causes a fishy odor and vaginal discharge. Women should wash the outside of the vagina with soap and water daily. They should also avoid using scented soaps, tampons, douches, sprays, and powders. If symptoms persist despite these measures, they should see a doctor for treatment. Yeast infection is another common problem that occurs when candida albicans overgrows the natural balance of vaginal flora. Its symptoms include itching, burning, redness, irritation, and abnormal discharge. Treatment includes antifungal creams or pills. Chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, and human papillomavirus (HPV) are sexually transmitted infections that require antibiotics or antiviral drugs.
Rugae allow the vagina to stretch and expand. Their function is essential for conception, childbirth, menstruation, and sexual enjoyment. Proper hygiene prevents infections while maintaining healthy reproductive function. Sexual pleasure depends on mutual consent between partners and proper lubrication during intercourse. Regular visits to the doctor ensure overall vaginal health and prevent complications from STIs.