Hijras are individuals who identify themselves as neither male nor female but possess both male and female characteristics. They have been part of South Asian culture for centuries and are widely accepted in Pakistan's Muslim society.
Their sexual orientation remains a controversial issue that raises several questions about how they navigate gender roles, sexual desires, intimate partnerships, and religion in this conservative region. This article examines how hijras negotiate these aspects of their lives through an analysis of their social positioning, belief systems, religious practices, and cultural expectations.
Hijras and Islamic societies
Pakistan is a predominantly Muslim country where religion plays a significant role in shaping societal norms and values. The Quran prohibits homosexual acts between men, including anal sex.
It does not specifically mention transgender people, which has led to some ambiguity around their place in Islam. Some scholars argue that they fall under male and female categories and should abide by the rules governing those genders, while others suggest that they should follow their innermost gender identity. In either case, hijras face discrimination and stigma within Islamic communities due to their non-binary identities and sexual preferences.
Hijra culture and sexuality
Despite facing societal challenges, hijras have developed unique cultures and practices that enable them to thrive. They form tight-knit communities where they can find acceptance, support, and solidarity. Hijra houses serve as spaces where members live together, perform rituals, and engage in various activities. Their dress code includes wearing makeup, long hair, and colorful clothes, which sets them apart from other genders. Hijras also use specific language and pronouns that express their distinctive identity and relationships with each other.
In terms of sexuality, hijras often refer to themselves as 'men who became women' or 'women who became men.' They identify as neither gender but embrace both masculine and feminine characteristics. While most are heterosexual, many engage in same-sex relationships and erotic behaviors such as kissing, touching, oral sex, and anal intercourse. Some even marry cisgender partners and have children through surrogacy. These intimate partnerships reflect a fluid approach to gender roles and desires that defy traditional norms.
Negotiating religious recognition
To navigate their sexual orientation and intimate partnerships, hijras must negotiate their place in Islamic society. Many adopt religious practices that allow them to align with Islamic values while maintaining their gender identities.
Some wear burqas or hijabs, the traditional female garments, to disguise their gender ambiguity. Others join Islamic prayer groups, seek spiritual guidance, and engage in charitable works to demonstrate their commitment to the faith. By doing so, they aim to gain religious recognition and acceptance within conservative communities.
Hijras also participate in sacred ceremonies such as Eid al-Fitr, which involves feasting and exchanging gifts. They often perform rituals like the Khawaja Sira, a dance performed during weddings, festivals, and special occasions. Such cultural events help integrate them into Muslim societies and highlight their unique contributions to Pakistani culture. Nonetheless, they face prejudice and discrimination from religious leaders who condemn their lifestyle and sexual preferences.
Despite facing social challenges, hijras have developed unique cultures and practices that enable them to thrive. Their negotiation of sexual desire, intimacy, and religious recognition is shaped by complex factors such as societal norms, belief systems, and cultural expectations. While some conform to traditional roles, others defy gender norms and embrace fluid approaches to identity and relationships. Understanding this aspect of their lives can deepen our knowledge about gender, sex, religion, and cultural diversity in South Asia.
How do hijras in Pakistan negotiate sexual desire, intimate partnerships, and religious recognition within Islamic societies?
Hijras are an ancient cultural group of transgender people who occupy a unique position in Pakistani society due to their fluid gender identities and social roles. Despite the stigma attached to them, hijras have maintained a significant presence throughout Pakistan's history. They are recognized by both Muslims and Hindus and have been portrayed as having supernatural powers that can bring good luck and prosperity.