Sexual trauma is a type of psychological harm that can occur after an individual experiences a nonconsensual, unwanted, or violent sexual encounter(s) during childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. Sexual traumas are often marked by feelings of powerlessness, loss of control, fear, shame, disgust, betrayal, violation, humiliation, guilt, anger, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Sexual abuse victims may also experience changes in their sense of safety and trust in others, which can lead to difficulties establishing healthy romantic partnerships later in life.
Survivors of sexual assault tend to struggle with feelings of hypervigilance, anxiety, distrust, and paranoia when engaging in intimate interactions. They are also more likely to exhibit signs of physical arousal and difficulty maintaining arousal during sex. These issues can create long-term challenges related to sexual functioning and partner selection.
One way that sexual trauma histories impact current sexual functioning is by affecting how individuals perceive themselves as sexual beings. Survivors of sexual assault frequently have negative self-image and body image, which leads them to view themselves as unattractive or undesirable partners for their partners. This mindset can hinder them from being open to exploring new types of sexual activities or pursuing certain roles, such as dominance or submission. It can also make it difficult for them to enjoy the process of sexual activity because they are too focused on their own flaws rather than enjoying the moment.
Another factor that influences current sexual functioning is a lack of emotional availability. Victims of sexual assault often feel like they cannot fully connect with their partners due to heightened feelings of vulnerability and fear, making it harder to share intimacy and pleasure. This can cause disruptions in the flow of the sexual experience and leave both parties feeling unsatisfied and frustrated. In some cases, victims may even withdraw entirely from sex altogether, leading to feelings of isolation and loneliness.
Past experiences of abuse can shape an individual's expectations for future relationships, potentially causing them to select partners who demonstrate similar power dynamics as their previous attackers.
Someone who was previously victimized by an older authority figure may develop a preference for controlling partners or choose not to trust younger men. Alternatively, those who were attacked by a stranger might seek out relationships where they feel safe but emotionally distant. These patterns create additional challenges when it comes to building healthy, secure bonds based on mutual respect and trust.
Survivors of sexual trauma frequently exhibit symptoms of post-traumatic stress (PTS) during intercourse, including intrusive thoughts about the assault, hypervigilant behavior, and flashbacks. These issues can be so distressing that individuals avoid intimate interactions altogether or engage in unsafe behaviors such as self-harm. Unfortunately, these behaviors only perpetuate existing difficulties related to arousal, intimacy, and partner selection.
Sexual trauma histories have far-reaching effects on current sexual functioning, trust, and partner selection. Survivors often struggle with low self-esteem, negative body image, emotional availability, unhealthy relationship patterns, and PTS-related issues that make it difficult to connect with others intimately. While there is no quick fix for overcoming these barriers, seeking support from a trained therapist can help individuals explore and process their feelings around sexuality, build resilience, and cultivate more fulfilling romantic relationships.
In what ways do sexual trauma histories influence current sexual functioning, trust, and partner selection?
Sexual trauma is a form of physical or sexual abuse that can cause emotional distress, anxiety, fear, and shame. These experiences may negatively impact an individual's mental health, relationships, and sexual functioning. People who have experienced sexual trauma may feel ashamed, guilty, or embarrassed about their experience and avoid discussing it with partners. This can lead to difficulty building trust and intimacy in relationships.