The purpose of this article is to present the research findings about the effects of prolonged combat exposure on sexual assertiveness and agency. We will review literature regarding the physiological, psychological, social, and behavioral factors that contribute to these outcomes and provide recommendations for how individuals can regain their sense of self and improve their interpersonal relationships.
Exposure to war has been shown to have significant negative impacts on veterans' mental health, including increased rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and substance abuse.
It has been associated with changes in cognitive functioning, such as impaired memory and attention, as well as physical health problems like cardiovascular disease and traumatic brain injury.
Less is known about the effects of military service on sexuality and intimacy. This gap in understanding is important because sexual dysfunction may be an underreported but common problem among veterans, affecting both male and female individuals. Moreover, sexual functioning can serve as a marker for broader psychosocial adjustment and quality of life.
Physical Effects
Sexual functioning involves a complex interaction between physical and psychological processes. Therefore, it stands to reason that prolonged combat exposure would result in changes to both. Firstly, physical injuries sustained during deployment may lead to decreased sexual performance and satisfaction due to pain, fatigue, or reduced mobility. Secondly, exogenous hormones, such as those found in medications commonly used by soldiers, may alter libido and arousal. Lastly, chronic stress can cause a decrease in testosterone levels, which may reduce sexual desire in men and make women more vulnerable to PTSD symptoms. These physiological factors all contribute to diminished sexual assertiveness and agency.
Psychological Effects
Prolonged combat exposure also produces lasting psychological impacts, including elevated levels of fear, anger, guilt, shame, and numbness.
Veterans who have experienced trauma-related events are more likely to report negative feelings towards themselves and others, leading to difficulties forming close relationships.
They often experience flashbacks or nightmares that disrupt their sleep patterns, which further impairs their ability to engage in healthy intimacy with loved ones. As a result, many veterans report dissatisfaction with their sex lives, feeling disconnected from their partners and experiencing less pleasure during sexual encounters.
Social Effects
Social isolation is another consequence of prolonged combat exposure, particularly for those who develop PTSD or other mental health issues. Veterans may withdraw from social situations or become hypervigilant around people, making it difficult to establish new romantic connections. They may also be less trusting of potential partners, which can lead to relationship instability.
Stigma related to military service may prevent individuals from seeking help for sexual dysfunction, limiting access to treatment options.
Behavioral Effects
Sexual assertiveness and agency involve the ability to initiate sexual interactions, communicate needs and desires, and negotiate boundaries. Prolonged combat exposure can reduce these abilities by causing changes in cognitive functioning, affect regulation, and self-esteem. Soldiers who have witnessed death and destruction may feel less deserving of intimacy, leading them to avoid pursuing it altogether. Moreover, traumatic experiences can alter brain chemistry, impairing executive functioning and reducing motivation. These factors contribute to low sexual assertiveness and diminished agency.
Recommendations
There are several evidence-based interventions that can improve sexual functioning among veterans.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to effectively treat PTSD symptoms and improve communication skills, both of which are important for building intimate relationships.
Medication can address physical problems like erectile dysfunction or decreased libido. Lastly, support groups and couples counseling can provide a safe space to discuss sexual concerns and practice healthy communication. By incorporating these strategies into their daily lives, veterans can improve their overall well-being and reconnect with their loved ones.
Prolonged combat exposure has significant effects on sexual assertiveness and agency, contributing to negative psychosocial outcomes.
With proper treatment and support, individuals can reclaim their sense of self and strengthen their interpersonal connections. We hope this article provides insight into the complexities of military service and its impacts on one's life beyond the battlefield.
What is the effect of prolonged combat exposure on sexual assertiveness and agency?
In recent years, researchers have conducted studies to explore how combat trauma affects individuals' perceptions and expressions of gender roles and expectations. One study suggests that men who had experienced combat were more likely to believe that women should be submissive to their husbands and wives and that women should prioritize childrearing over career advancement (Owens et al. , 2016).