I will discuss how Central Asian religious beliefs influence attitudes toward homosexuality, bisexuality, pansexuality, gender nonconforming identities, transgender individuals, and consanguineous relationships. It is necessary to understand these issues because they are closely intertwined with cultural norms that may seem unrelated to the general public.
Throughout history, religious teachings have had an important role in shaping societal views on sexual orientation and identity development. In Central Asia, there are several major religions practiced, including Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Jainism, Sikhism, Shintoism, Taoism, Confucianism, and Baha'i Faith. These faiths often emphasize marriage between heterosexuals as a sacred institution that is essential for procreation and family life. This view has been reinforced by various texts and scriptures that highlight the importance of procreation as part of God's plan or natural order. Many Muslim scholars interpret the Quranic verse "And We have made among you mates from yourselves to live with them in tranquility" (4:1) to mean that sex can only be enjoyed within marriage. Similarly, Orthodox Christians believe that homosexuality is sinful and must not be accepted by society since it contradicts Biblical teaching. The Torah states that "you shall not lie with a male as one lies with a female; it is an abomination."
This traditional perspective has influenced social attitudes toward LGBTQ+ people, who face discrimination, harassment, violence, stigma, marginalization, and persecution in many countries.
Homosexuality is illegal in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan under Sharia Law, where punishments range from fines to imprisonment. Some religious leaders even go so far as to call for the death penalty for same-sex relationships. In other nations, such as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, there are no laws specifically prohibiting LGBTQ+ individuals but their rights are still limited due to cultural norms.
Central Asian cultures also recognize the existence of pansexuality, which refers to the sexual desire towards all genders, including those outside the gender binary. Some cultures see this practice as a way to maintain genetic diversity and ensure strong offspring.
In Mongolia's nomadic culture, polyamory was common because having multiple partners ensured survival during long winters when resources were scarce.
This acceptance does not extend to same-gender relationships or transgender identities. Transgender individuals may be seen as having a mental illness or being possessed by demons, and face rejection from society.
Consanguineous marriages between close relatives have been practiced historically in some regions like Afghanistan and Pakistan, but they are now outlawed due to health risks associated with inbreeding.
Central Asian beliefs shape attitudes toward sexual orientation, identity development, and relationship formation through various teachings that emphasize heteronormativity and procreation. These beliefs can lead to discrimination against LGBTQ+ people, while certain non-heterosexual practices are accepted within specific contexts. It is important to acknowledge these differences and work toward creating a more inclusive environment for everyone, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity.
How do Central Asian religious beliefs shape acceptance of sexual orientation diversity, identity development, and formation of intimate relationships?
Central Asians' religious beliefs influence their perceptions and attitudes towards non-heteronormative sexual orientations and identities differently across cultures and religions. Religious teachings may have varying degrees of tolerance towards homosexuality, ranging from openly accepting it as part of God's creation to condemning same-sex behaviors and relationships with physical punishments.