Roman religion was based on belief in multiple gods, and festivals were an important part of life for Romans. These celebrations typically involved feasting, drinking, and merrymaking, but they also had a deeper meaning. In ancient Rome, religious festivals often incorporated sexuality as a communal and civic act rather than a private one. This practice was not just about indulging personal desires; it was meant to bring people together and create a sense of unity within society.
One such festival was called Lupercalia, which took place on February 15th each year. The festival honored the god Lupercus and the founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus. It began with a sacrifice of goats and dogs, followed by men running through the streets naked while striking women with strips of hide from the animals. Legend has it that this ritual would make women fertile and enhance their chances of having healthy children. The festival also included matches between eligible singles who were encouraged to consummate their unions in order to secure a good harvest.
Another festival was Vestalia, held in mid-July every year. It celebrated the goddess Vesta, who represented hearth and home. During the festival, married women could have sex with other men without consequence or judgement, although adultery was usually frowned upon in Roman society. This gave them the opportunity to express themselves sexually outside of their marriages and explore new partners. The festival also featured games, music, and feasts.
The Saturnalia, held around December 17th each year, involved a reversal of social roles, where masters served their servants and slaves received special treatment for a short time. This festival had an erotic component as well, with couples engaging in sexual acts freely during this period. There are records of public orgies being held at this time too.
These festivals showcased how sexuality played a significant role in ancient Roman life. Rather than being kept private, it was openly discussed and celebrated communally. These celebrations helped create a sense of community among Romans, which may explain why they lasted so long despite changing times and beliefs.
How did Roman religious festivals incorporate sexuality as a communal and civic act rather than a private one?
Roman festivals had an important role in society, not only on their religious aspect but also on the social and political ones. The feasts were important events for families and communities because they brought together people from different backgrounds, ages, and religions who shared the same interest in celebrating. The ritual of the festival included a variety of activities and practices, including public and private ones such as parades, processions, sacrifices, games, competitions, etc.