In the past few decades, there has been an increasing interest in understanding the role that gender plays in religious authority structures and how it influences individuals' perceptions of their own capabilities and power within these contexts. Researchers have explored various theories to explain why some people feel excluded from leadership positions based on their gender identity or orientation, such as social constructionist theory, feminist theory, postmodern theory, intersectionality theory, and critical race theory. This paper will discuss these theories and explore how they can be used to understand the relationship between experiences of exclusion and self-efficacy, agency, and personal empowerment.
Social Constructionist Theory
Social constructionist theory suggests that social norms and expectations are constructed through shared language, meaning that society creates rules for what is acceptable and expected behavior. According to this perspective, gender roles are socially constructed and reinforced through language and behavior, which means that individuals may internalize them and see themselves as inferior when they do not fit into traditional masculine or feminine stereotypes. When someone who identifies as LGBTQ+ is excluded from sacred leadership roles because of their sexuality, gender expression, or other characteristics, they may experience feelings of disempowerment and a sense of being "othered" by society. They may also develop negative beliefs about their abilities and capacity to lead, leading to low self-efficacy and reduced agency.
Feminist Theory
Feminist theory examines how patriarchal systems create and maintain unequal power dynamics between men and women, including in religious contexts. By studying the historical role of women in religion and how it has evolved over time, researchers can better understand how societal attitudes toward female authority have changed.
Some religions have traditionally restricted access to certain positions based on gender identity, while others have allowed more fluidity. Experiences of exclusion from these roles can impact an individual's sense of agency and ability to lead, especially if they feel that their religious community views them as less capable than their male counterparts.
Postmodern Theory
Postmodern theory challenges traditional ways of thinking about authority and leadership, questioning whether there are any universal truths or absolutes. It emphasizes the importance of personal experiences and perspectives in shaping one's worldview and suggests that no single interpretation of reality is inherently correct. In the context of exclusion from leadership roles, postmodernism can help individuals recognize that their experiences are valid and that they deserve respect and recognition for their unique contributions to their communities. This perspective encourages individuals to take control of their own lives and assert themselves within their communities, which can increase empowerment and agency.
Intersectionality Theory
Intersectionality theory recognizes that people may experience multiple forms of oppression simultaneously based on their race, ethnicity, class, sexual orientation, gender identity, ability status, and other factors. When someone identifies as LGBTQ+ and also faces discrimination due to their racial background or socioeconomic status, for example, this can compound the effects of exclusion from sacred leadership roles. These combined experiences can make it even harder to develop a positive self-image and see oneself as capable of leading.
Intersectional approaches to activism and advocacy can create opportunities for collective action and promote solidarity across diverse groups, potentially increasing self-efficacy and empowerment.
Critical Race Theory
Critical race theory looks at how power dynamics are embedded in social institutions and structures, including religion. It acknowledges that racism plays a significant role in shaping religious practices and beliefs, often privileging white, heterosexual men while marginalizing others. Experiences of exclusion based on both race and sexuality or gender identity can be particularly harmful, as these identities intersect to reinforce one another's marginalization. This approach suggests that individuals must work together to challenge systems of oppression and seek equitable solutions for all members of their community, potentially fostering greater personal empowerment and agency.
These theories offer valuable insights into the relationship between experiences of exclusion from sacred leadership roles and self-efficacy, agency, and personal empowerment. By understanding these perspectives, we can better support individuals who identify as LGBTQ+ in developing a sense of capability and influence within their communities. As we continue to grapple with issues related to inclusivity and equality, the insights gained through critical reflection will help us build stronger, more resilient communities that celebrate diversity and recognize the contributions of all members.
In what ways do experiences of exclusion from sacred leadership roles influence self-efficacy, agency, and personal empowerment?
Although there are many factors that may contribute to feelings of exclusion from sacred leadership roles, research suggests that these experiences can have significant impact on an individual's sense of self-efficacy, agency, and personal empowerment.