The idea that belonging to a group shapes behavior is central to sociology. People are often motivated to behave in ways that enhance their chances of staying within the group they belong to, as this can lead to important benefits such as protection, friendship, social support, access to resources, and opportunities for reproduction. One domain where this principle applies is religion, which has long been associated with belief systems concerning what constitutes proper sexual conduct. This article explores how fear of social exclusion shapes sexual conformity in religious groups. To do so, it presents an analysis of the cultural psychological approach to studying human behavior, examines its relationship with sexuality, and provides evidence from anthropological and historical research on religious groups. It also discusses the implications of these findings for understanding gender relations in contemporary society.
Cultural Psychology and Sexuality
The cultural psychology perspective argues that people's behavior is shaped by the culture they live in and interact with. This view holds that individuals internalize cultural norms and values, which guide them in making sense of and acting in the world around them. In terms of sex and intimacy, cultural psychologists have shown that people tend to act according to the expectations of their society.
Researchers have found that men who hold egalitarian attitudes toward women are more likely to engage in casual sex than those who hold traditional views about women's roles (Sprecher & Felmlee, 2018). Similarly, studies show that people may be more likely to engage in certain types of sexual practices if they perceive them as culturally acceptable or widespread in their community (e.g., Sprecher & Felmlee, 2018; van de Bongardt et al., 2015). These findings suggest that individuals internalize cultural norms and use them to regulate their sexual behavior.
Religion and Sexual Norms
Many religions have specific beliefs and rules concerning sexuality, such as what type of relationships are permissible, when intercourse is allowed, and how it should occur. The fear of social exclusion can play a role in enforcing compliance with these norms through various mechanisms. Firstly, religious groups often punish nonconforming behaviors, such as extramarital affairs or same-sex relations, by expelling members from the group or imposing severe sanctions. Secondly, some religions stigmatize nonconforming sexual acts by associating them with negative outcomes, such as illnesses or spiritual consequences. Thirdly, religious leaders may endorse conformity by providing guidance on appropriate sexual conduct. Fourthly, peer pressure within a religious community may lead individuals to follow its rules regarding sexuality.
Some religious teachings emphasize the importance of procreation and family life, which can reinforce normative sexual practices among believers. Together, these factors create an environment where fear of social exclusion shapes sexual conformity.
Evidence from Anthropology and History
Anthropological research on religious communities has shown that strict sexual norms are widespread in many societies, including some indigenous cultures (e.g., Boyer & Lipset, 2006; Schachner et al., 2018). These norms typically require monogamy, marriages arranged by parents, and heterosexual relations between cisgender individuals who identify as their assigned gender at birth. In addition, many religions have historically regulated sexual activity through laws, policies, and social norms.
Christianity traditionally frowned upon premarital sex, homosexuality, and masturbation. Islamic law prescribes specific punishments for certain types of sexual crimes, such as adultery and rape. Jewish traditions prohibit various types of sexual behaviors, such as incest and bestiality. These examples illustrate how fear of social exclusion has shaped sexual norms within religious groups throughout history.
Implications for Gender Relations
The findings presented above suggest that people's attitudes toward sex are influenced by cultural expectations, which may vary across time and space. They also indicate that religious belief systems play a significant role in shaping sexual behavior. The fear of social exclusion can lead to the internalization of conservative sexual values, which may reinforce traditional gender roles and power dynamics. This process has consequences for gender relations since it can perpetuate patriarchal norms and limit women's agency in intimate relationships.
Understanding these mechanisms is essential for promoting equality and empowering marginalized groups, including those with non-conforming sexual orientations or identities. By recognizing the role played by culture and religion in shaping sexual conduct, we can develop more effective strategies for promoting inclusivity and diversity in our societies.
How does fear of social exclusion shape sexual conformity in religious groups?
Religious belief systems are often accompanied by strict moral codes that define appropriate and inappropriate behaviors, including those related to sexuality. People who do not adhere to these standards may face consequences ranging from social isolation to punishment. As a result, many individuals feel compelled to conform to religious expectations regarding sex, even if it conflicts with their personal preferences.