The Vinaya Pitaka is one of the earliest texts of Buddhism, containing a collection of rules and regulations for monastic life. Among these rules are those regarding sexual conduct, which include strict prohibitions against adultery, rape, and consensual intercourse outside of marriage.
There is also mention of polygamy, with some allowances made for exceptions to the rule. This has led scholars to examine how discussion of polygamy in the Vinaya Pitaka informs secular and religious frameworks of sexual ethics in marriage. In this essay, I will explore how the teachings on polygamy found in the Vinaya Pitaka can be interpreted within a variety of contexts, including modern Western culture, contemporary religious discourse, and feminist theory.
Examining Polygamy in the Vinaya Pitaka
One passage in particular that has generated much debate among scholars is the 'Jivakarama Sutta' (AN 10.68), which discusses the case of Jivaka, a wealthy layman who is able to support multiple wives due to his success as a physician. When Jivaka asks the Buddha whether it is permissible for him to take additional wives, the Buddha responds by explaining the various advantages and disadvantages of polygamy. He notes that while having multiple wives allows for greater satisfaction of physical desires, it also leads to jealousy, quarrels, and conflict between spouses. The Buddha advises Jivaka to consider carefully before making such a decision, suggesting that he should only enter into a polygamous relationship if he can do so without causing harm to others. This passage suggests that polygamy is not ideal but may be acceptable under certain circumstances.
Implications for Secular Frameworks
Within a secular framework, the teachings on polygamy in the Vinaya Pitaka provide insight into the ways in which monogamy is not necessarily the best or only ethical approach to marriage. While monogamy is often seen as the standard norm in Western cultures, some argue that it is not always feasible or desirable for all couples.
Those who practice polyamory or open relationships may find that polygamy provides them with greater flexibility and freedom when it comes to sexual expression.
It is important to note that these relationships are based on mutual consent and respect among all parties involved, rather than simply seeking to satisfy one's own physical needs.
Implications for Religious Discourse
In religious discourse, particularly within Christianity and Islam, there have been debates over the morality of polygamy. While both religions prohibit adultery, they differ in their attitudes towards polygamy. In Islam, polygamy is permissible under certain conditions and has even been practiced by prominent figures such as Muhammad himself. Christianity, however, generally takes a more negative view of polygamy, arguing that it violates the principle of faithfulness and commitment to one partner. The discussion of polygamy in the Vinaya Pitaka may provide an alternative perspective for Christians and Muslims to consider, as it recognizes that while monogamy is ideal, exceptions can be made if necessary.
Implications for Feminist Theory
From a feminist perspective, the discussion of polygamy in the Vinaya Pitaka highlights the way in which patriarchal power structures can affect gender relations within marriage. Polygamy allows men to exert greater control over women's bodies and sexual autonomy, as multiple wives must submit to their husband's desires. This can lead to unequal power dynamics within the relationship and may perpetuate harmful stereotypes about women's roles in society.
Some feminists argue that this power dynamic can also be challenged through polyamory or open relationships, where women are able to negotiate terms of engagement and consent with their partners.
How does discussion of polygamy in Vinaya Pitaka inform secular and religious frameworks of sexual ethics in marriage?
Discussion of polygamy in the Vinaya Pitaka provides valuable insights into both secular and religious frameworks of sexual ethics in marriage. The Buddha's teachings on sexual ethics emphasize monogamy as the ideal form of relationship between two people; however, he also acknowledges that polygamy can be permissible under certain circumstances such as when one spouse is unable to fulfill their marital obligations due to illness or old age.