Bisexuality is characterized by a romantic or sexual attraction to both men and women. It has been recognized since ancient times, but it is still often misunderstood or underrepresented in modern society. This misconception can lead to various forms of prejudice and discrimination, including double stigmatization. Double stigma refers to when an individual experiences stigmas related to their sexual orientation and gender identity simultaneously.
Studies have found that bisexuals experience higher rates of mental health issues than heterosexuals or homosexuals. Some theories suggest that this may be due to double stigmatization experienced by bisexual individuals. Cognitive mechanisms such as stereotype threat, internalized biphobia, and ambivalent identities could mediate the impact of double stigma on psychological well-being. Emotional mechanisms like emotional exhaustion and self-esteem also play a role.
Stereotype threat occurs when someone feels threatened by negative stereotypes about their group.
If a bisexual person hears people talking about how bisexuals are promiscuous or immoral, they might start to believe those stereotypes and feel ashamed or anxious. Internalized biphobia occurs when a person internalizes societal beliefs about bisexuality being abnormal or wrong. If a bisexual person believes these ideas, they might experience anxiety or depression. Ambivalent identities refer to feeling both pride and shame in one's identity at the same time. The resulting confusion and conflict can negatively affect mood.
Emotional exhaustion is another mechanism, which involves experiencing frequent stress from external pressure. This could include pressure to hide one's sexual orientation or deal with prejudice and discrimination. Self-esteem refers to feelings of worthiness or confidence. When a person experiences prejudice based on their sexual orientation or gender identity, it can lead to lowered self-esteem, potentially leading to depression and other mental health issues.
Double stigma likely contributes to the poorer mental health of bisexuals. It is important for society to acknowledge and address this issue, as well as work towards reducing prejudice and discrimination against all marginalized groups.
What cognitive and emotional mechanisms mediate the impact of double stigma on the psychological well-being of bisexual individuals?
Bisexual individuals may experience unique challenges related to their sexual identity that can have significant effects on their psychological well-being. One such challenge is the "double stigma" associated with identifying as both LGBTQ+ and non-heterosexual.