The term "hijra" refers to individuals who identify as having a nonconforming gender identity that is neither male nor female but rather falls somewhere in between or beyond those categories. Hijras are often considered to be transgender people, although some scholars argue that this label may not accurately reflect their cultural and historical context. In South Asia, hijras have been present since ancient times and play an important role within Hindu religion as intermediaries between gods and humans.
They also face social marginalization due to their gender identities, which can create unique psychological tensions for them.
In many parts of India and Pakistan, hijras live in close-knit communities known as kothis, where they often work together to support one another financially and emotionally. Kothis provide a sense of safety and community for hijras, who often experience discrimination and violence from mainstream society.
The closeness of these communities can lead to increased social isolation and difficulty connecting with others outside of the group. This can contribute to feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and depression among hijras.
Hijras' religious status as intermediaries between gods and humans can also create internal conflict for them. On one hand, their spiritual role provides a sense of purpose and meaning, while their physical appearance and behavior is often associated with sexuality.
Hijras may engage in dance performances at weddings and other celebrations, which can be seen as erotic by some observers. As a result, hijras may struggle with conflicting messages about their own sexuality and how it relates to their religious identity.
Hijras' religious status may make them feel pressured to uphold certain moral standards or values that are inconsistent with mainstream society's expectations. Hijras may feel pressure to remain celibate or abstain from certain types of sexual activity, even though their gender identities may not align with those norms. This can create additional stress and confusion around their sexuality and relationships.
Being both religiously recognized and socially marginalized can create unique psychological tensions for hijras. They must navigate the complex intersection of their gender identities, cultural roles, and religious beliefs while dealing with external pressures and stigma. Despite these challenges, many hijras find strength and resilience within their kothis and communities, using their unique experiences to advocate for greater understanding and acceptance.